Dysmorphology diagnosis

A patient with multiple malformations poses a diagnostic dilemma to the pediatrician. There are thousands of malformation syndromes described and diagnosis of a syndrome appears a daunting task. An approach to diagnosis of a malformation syndrome is presented. Relevant details in the history and examination, important investigations, the process of differential diagnosis, and search engines used to aid in diagnosis of a malformation syndrome are described     

搜索引擎的渐增式爬行和备份式更新模式

介绍了搜索引擎的总体结构,分析了搜索引擎中爬行器的爬行策略和网页库的更新模式。介绍了其中一种较为合理的爬行和更新模式及其实现技术,实现了渐增式地爬行高质量网页和提高网页库新鲜度的目的。     

电子病历在随访及科研中的应用

复旦大学附属肿瘤医院利用电子病历系统。为每个门诊和住院病人建立统一标识，病人历次就诊和住院的电子病历均被关联该标识。实现了病人随访信息的自动登记。并建立科研病史。通过结构化病历实现了科研信息的收集与检索。     

搜索引擎的个性化发展趋势

 

从用户需求和搜索引擎市场竞争两个方面论述了搜索引擎个性化发展的背景及个性化的内涵，重点分析近年来国内外搜索引擎推出的个性化搜索和个性化服务及其发展趋势。

     

用层次分析法定量评价综合性搜索引擎

利用层次分析法计算各层指标的权重,并用相对查准率等方法对最底层评价指标进行评分,最后综合权重和最底层评价指标的得分,定量评价Google,YAHOO,Baidu,SOHU4个综合性搜索引擎。结果表明,运用层次分析法定量评价搜索引擎的综合水平具有较强的科学性。     

Comparison of immunotoxic effects induced by the extracts from methanol and gasoline engine exhausts in vitro

Gasoline engine exhaust has been considered as a major source of air pollution in China. Due to lower cyto- and geno-toxicity effects of methanol engine exhaust, methanol is regarded as a potential substitute for gasoline. We have previously compared cyto- and geno-toxicities of gasoline engine exhaust with that of methanol engine exhaust in A549 cells (Zhang et al., 2007).To characterize the immunotoxic effects for gasoline and methanol engine exhausts in immune cell, in this study, we further compared effects of gasoline and methanol engine exhausts on immune function in RAW264.7 cell and rabbit alveolar macrophages. Results showed that both gasoline and methanol engine exhaust could evidently inhibit RAW264.7 cell proliferation, promote RAW264.7 cell apoptosis, decrease E-rosette formation rate and inhibit anti-tumor effects of alveolar macrophages, at the same time, these effects of gasoline engine exhaust were far stronger than those of methanol engine exhaust. In addition, gasoline engine exhaust could significantly inhibit activities of ADCC of alveolar macrophages, but methanol engine exhaust could not. These results suggested that both gasoline and methanol engine exhausts might be immunotoxic atmospheric pollutants, but some effects of gasoline engine exhaust on immunotoxicities may be far stronger than that of methanol engine exhaust.     

How to perform a comprehensive search for FDG-PET literature

In this study, a comprehensive, unbiassed search strategy for identifying literature on fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) in Medline, Embase and Current Contents was developed, with specific search strategies for each database, using MeSH terms as well as free text words for PET and FDG. To examine which text words apply to FDG, we evaluated the ways of spelling FDG in a random sample of FDG-PET articles (n=100). These words were used as free text words in the two databases and overlap was determined. PET publications were identified using the text words ”positron emission tomography” and ”pet$” combined with the respective MeSH terms for each database. To compare the yield of the combined FDG-PET strategy in each database, the retrieved citations were downloaded to Pro-Cite 4.0. Finally, we added search terms for lung cancer, breast cancer, melanoma, head and neck cancer and lymphoma to our strategy and to a short strategy (consisting of the text words ”positron emission tomography” and ”fdg”). In order to measure the yield and precision (positive predictive value, PPV) of our search strategy and compare it with the short one, we screened the title and abstract of the retrieved citations. Reviewing a random sample of the FDG-PET literature yielded 56 different ways of spelling FDG. We confined the list to 11 text words, without missing articles. Of the publications retrieved by these text words, only 4% were indexed by the MeSH term ”Fludeoxyglucose F18” in Medline and 29% by the MeSH-term ”Fluorodeoxyglucose F18” in Embase. Only 51% of PET articles were indexed by the MeSH term ”Tomography, emission-computed” in Medline and 40% by the MeSH term ”Positron emission tomography” in Embase. The combined search strategy for identifying studies on FDG and PET resulted in 2865 publications in Medline and 2646 in Embase. Medline identified 1662 publications not found by Embase; Embase identified 1422 publications not found by Medline. Compared with the short strategy, our search strategy yielded on average 52% more publications (94%, 41% and 20% more in Medline, Embase and Current Contents, respectively). The PPV of our strategy (percent of publications that were really on PET, FDG and the specified subject) was 70%, compared with 76% using the short strategy. Regardless of the strategy used, Embase yielded more publications and was also slightly more specific than Medline. With the recommended strategy, FDG-PET publications can be identified more efficiently. We have shown the importance of searching more than one database and emphasize the use of both MeSH terms and text words in a search strategy. Standardization of the spelling of FDG and indexing of articles on FDG would substantially simplify searching. Received 5 July and in revised form 25 September 1999     

Searching Choices: Quantifying Decision‐Making Processes Using Search Engine Data

When making a decision, humans consider two types of information: information they have acquired through their prior experience of the world, and further information they gather to support the decision in question. Here, we present evidence that data from search engines such as Google can help us model both sources of information. We show that statistics from search engines on the frequency of content on the Internet can help us estimate the statistical structure of prior experience; and, specifically, we outline how such statistics can inform psychological theories concerning the valuation of human lives, or choices involving delayed outcomes. Turning to information gathering, we show that search query data might help measure human information gathering, and it may predict subsequent decisions. Such data enable us to compare information gathered across nations, where analyses suggest, for example, a greater focus on the future in countries with a higher per capita GDP. We conclude that search engine data constitute a valuable new resource for cognitive scientists, offering a fascinating new tool for understanding the human decision‐making process.     

液体火箭发动机模块化通用仿真研究

以大型液体火箭发动机研制为背景,根据模块化建模思想和通用仿真要求,提出一种具有良好通用性和系统组织能力的仿真方法,数学模型在模块内的存储形式是代码文本,操作者只需从界面即可添加模型,扩展模块库。本文描述了实现这种方法的软件架构,在VC6.0平台上,采用C++语言开发出该仿真软件,并在MFC的文档视图结构的基础上实现了可视化建模,完成了对某液体火箭发动机瞬变过程仿真。通过计算结果与试车曲线的对比,初步验证了所采用仿真方法的可行性和正确性。研究工作可以很方便地实现对其它液体火箭发动机系统动态过程的仿真。     

基于某微型发动机对比分析轴流涡轮与向心涡轮的气动性能与减重

为了确定厘米级微型涡轮发动机在相对较大功率、流量需求时的涡轮形式,以实现发动机更高的性能,本文基于某直径12厘米微发样机开展研究。本文估算了该样机整机环境下单级轴流涡轮的做功能力,并按参数优选规律设计了一台微型轴流涡轮,将之与该样机所采用的微型向心涡轮进行对比,基于CFD和CAD工具分析了两种叶轮在功率、效率及尺寸重量方面的差别。研究表明：在先进微小型发动机总压比提高（4～6,本文设计采用4.2）的情况下,涡轮为了在保持效率的同时满足压气机更高的功率需求,轴流式必须采用双级方案,向心式单级就可满足要求;在压气机压比4～6条件下,进一步对比双级轴流与单级向心方案的结果显示,当流量小于500g/s时,向心式具有尺寸重量优势,发动机能实现较高的推重比。针对厘米级微型发动机,在发动机增压比较高且没有超出单级向心涡轮做功能力的范围时,向心涡轮方案是更好的选择。